ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Vaccination continues to be the most effective method for controlling COVID-19 infectious diseases. Nonetheless, SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to evolve and emerge, resulting in significant public concerns worldwide, even after more than 2 years since the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to better understand how different COVID-19 vaccine platforms work, why SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, and what options for improving COVID-19 vaccines can be considered to fight against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pandemics. AREA COVERED: Here, we reviewed the innate immune sensors in the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 virus, innate and adaptive immunity including neutralizing antibodies by different COVID-19 vaccines. Efficacy comparison of the several COVID-19 vaccine platforms approved for use in humans, concerns about SARS-CoV-2 variants and breakthrough infections, and the options for developing future COIVD-19 vaccines were also covered. EXPERT OPINION: Owing to the continuous emergence of novel pathogens and the reemergence of variants, safer and more effective new vaccines are needed. This review also aims to provide the knowledge basis for the development of next-generation COVID-19 and pan-coronavirus vaccines to provide cross-protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants and future coronavirus pandemics.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Viral Vaccines , Antibodies, Neutralizing , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines , Humans , Pandemics/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Pneumonia of unknown etiology was detected in a few patients in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The causative agent was named as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The disease caused by this virus was named as a new coronavirus disease: COVID-19. The disease has a global impact affecting more than 200 nations including the USA, India, Brazil, Russia, and Peru are the 5 most severely affected nations. The discovery of the genotype and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 boosted the global efforts for the development of treatment options and vaccines for the COVID-19. As the transmission of the virus is rapid, to protect the global population, the development of an effective vaccine against the virus is very essential. The current review highlights the various platforms and technologies used globally for the development of the vaccine and also focuses on the current status of the vaccine candidates under development by organizations to combat the global threat of COVID-19 pandemic.